Diseases Associated with Obesity:

Type II Diabetes:

Type II Diabetes occurs when the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin for the body. The body is resistant of what is produced. Insulin in the body is a blood sugar hormone called glucose used for energy. The food that a person eats, the body responds by breaking it down into fats, proteins and carbohydrates. The carbohydrates are then broken down into glucose, as the glucose is traveling through the person’s bloodstream, a healthy pancreas will release a regular supply of insulin into the bloodstream. With Type II Diabetes the insulin receptors are less sensitive, the pancreas still produces insulin but it is not enough of which the body needs. High blood glucose can lead into serious problems such as a heart attack, blindness, kidney failure, and nerve damage. By taking medications, a healthy diet, and regular exercising you are most likely to decrease the changes of these complications.

Hypertension:

With stress the blood pressure rises, but with hypertension it rises and stays there even while at rest. The heart will pump blood about 80 times a minute; by doing this it allows the arterials to work the blood flow freely, with little pressure on the vessel walls. When the vessels are constricted, the heart will try to pump more and faster and can lead to troubled arteries over time. The arteries are then stretched with a development of scar tissue. Cholesterol and other deposits can collect onto the grooves and creating Atherosclerotic Plaque. If the plaque grows the arteries becomes stiffer and narrower, causing the heart to pump harder and causing damage to the arteries. Hypertension is twice as strong in obese people. Blood pressure can be affected by smoking, lack of exercise, stress, excessive alcohol use and salt. Although there is no symptoms of hypertension the only way is to have your blood pressure checked.

Heart Attack:

Atherosclerosis is the process of which arteries become narrowed and hardened, causing a heart attack to happen with the blood flow to the heart to be blocked. This usually occurs because fatty deposits called plaque have built up inside the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart. If a plaque breaks open, the body tries to fix it by forming a clot around it. The clot can block the artery, preventing the flow of blood and oxygen to the heart.

Stroke:

A stroke happens when a blood vessel is blocked or ruptures, which keeps oxygen and nutrients reaching the brain. There are two types of strokes: Ischemic and Hemorrhagic each of them are characterized of how they affect the brain. Ischemic strokes are caused when a blood vessels are obstructed, the cutting off of oxygen to the brain. Hemorrhagic strokes are caused when a blood vessel ruptures and spills blood into the brain. All strokes deprive the brain of oxygen, then the brain cells become damaged or die, causing some parts of the body to not function properly. The most serious of a stroke happens in the brain stem which controls life support functions. If the left side of the brain is damaged an Aphasia occurs and the person has difficulty of speech and understanding of language. If the right side is damaged this can leave the person paralyzed on the left side of the body. And all strokes can leave a person with memory loss.

Atherosclerosis:

Atherosclerosis is a buildup of fatty deposits such as cholesterol on the walls of arteries. There’s a major cause of cardiovascular disease, including a stroke or heart attack. There are three layers to a normal artery wall, a thin smooth layer which helps the blood flow, a muscular layer which helps pulse circulate blood and a outer layer that protects the artery. Smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol are risk factors for damaging the smooth layer of the artery which can lead to atherosclerosis.

Nutrition & Cells Practice Questions

1. Vitamins are small organic molecules minerals are small inorganic molecules. Both are water soluble, but vitamins are also fat soluble.

2. Free radicals are highly reactive molecules, leftover natural metabolic processes or come from environment causes damage to DNA that causes cancer.

3. Animal proteins from meat contain all essential fatty acids can’t be synthesized by cells it must come from a diet. Two families’ omega 3 & omega 6. Biological processes not store energy.

4. Hydrogenation= unsaturated fats + hydrogen gas with pressure makes saturated fats.

5. Bacteria- both a domain name and synonymously with “Prokaryotes” bacteria are archaea.

6. Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA and ribosome’s

7. Net movement of molecules from concentration to lower concentration until it reaches equilibrium.

Osmosis- diffusion of water

Active transport- cells maintain concentration gradient it requires energy(ATP)

8. Across plasma membrane of prokaryotic cell- mitochondria of eukaryotic cells

9. DNA- prokaryotic cells are linear or circular, its contained in nuclear region (nucleoid) Eukaryotic cells- are always linear contained in nucleus, chromatin when relaxed chromosomes when condensed (super coiled)

Ribosome’s- 70 in prokaryotic 80 in eukaryotic

10. Proteins- humans manufacture 12 of 20 amino acids to build proteins

Ribosome’s- builds proteins from encoded instructions in DNA

Lipids- fats, cholesterol, essential fatty acids

11. Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor- mediated endocytosis

12. Centrioles, cilia and flagella- Eukaryotic cells

13. It’s a concept that mitochondria and chloroplasts are the result of years of evolution initiated by the endocytosis of bacteria and blue-green algae, instead of being digested, it became symbiotic

It has its own DNA which resembles bacterial DNA

It has 70 of its own ribosomes and produces its own proteins

Double membrane indicates they entered cell via endocytosis

Membrane composition strongly resembles Gram-negative bacteria

Divides within eukaryotic cell via binary fission

Similar symbolic relationships exist between organisms that are still distinct species from one another

14. They both contain DNA, are membrane-bound organelles located in the cytoplasm of cells, they are both involved in the production of energy, and they are found in eukaryotic cells

They differ by ATP is synthesized only in mitochondria

15. Peroxisomes are organelles that contain oxidative enzymes, they convert hydrogen peroxide into water

Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes, fuse with vacuoles containing food

16. Bacterial DNA is a circular double strand, while eukaryotic DNA is a linear (sometimes super-coiled) double strand. In fact, many eukaryotes have more than one of these double-stranded DNA fragments, known as chromosomes.

17. Fimbria and conjugation pili

Enzymes

1. B
2. C
3. D
4. B
5. B

Science article

The basis of the story was how a prehistoric bird flew with four wings. They did several tests on its flight, with a model of a microraptor. The study of the bird was performed by team members from the University of Kansas and Northeastern University in China. They made a model from the skeleton cavity of its original bones, and then made feathers from specimens from the Chinese Museums. After completion they noticed it had a better flight patterns from an upright stance position.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/01/100125173238.htm

1. It is hypothesized that animals develop flight as ground dwellers.
2. Scientists are from University of Kansas and Northeastern University of China.
3. The funding source is not mentioned.
4. The hypothesis was tested by making a model of a microraptor created by a skeleton composed of casts of the original bones of the microraptor.
5. There was only one model used for the experiment.
6. Data was collected from one skeleton cast.
7. There were no participates only researchers.
8. The analysts were not blind to the study.
9. The reporters included controversial theories by other researchers of the same group.
10. There were not any independent researchers.
11. The limitations were that there weren’t any other models to go off of.

Practice Questions Ch. 2

Practice Questions Chapter 2

1. Endergonic absorbs chemical reactions, Exergonic gives off energy.

2. Protons-11, Electrons-10, and Valence electrons-9

3. Ionic bonds- forms when electrons are transferred between charged atoms.

Covalent bond- atoms that share electrons.

Hydrogen bond- a weak chemical bond, partially hydrogen atom that’s attracted to a partially negative atom.

Strongest- Ionic bond Weakest- Hydrogen bond

4. Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic acids

Carbohydrates-disaccharides 2 rings joined together, polysaccharides-sugar monomers

Proteins-enzymes, amino acids

Lipids-phospholipids

Nucleic acids-nucleotides

5. Carbon

6. Hydrogen bonds

7. It creates barriers and stores energy.

8. Double bonds between carbon atoms.

9. Silicon is much like an element like carbon, but it would fall apart in contact with water though. It would work better with a silicon-oxygen backbone to the molecule. Oxidizers burn food to produce carbon dioxide and reducers uses carbon dioxide in photosynthesis.

10. Different sugars in the backbone, RNA contains uracil instead of thymine, RNA single strand band, DNA double strand band.

11. Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine, Urcacil

12. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

A G C

n__c___n c____n c

13. The reactive group characteristic causes the areas of protein to come together or goes against one another.

14. Primary structure- linear amino acid sequence.

Secondary structure- folding into helices and beta sheets

Tertiary structure- the overall way the protein folds

Quaternary structure-how multiple subunits of a protein come together

15. They communicate to one another causing conformational changes and transmits a signal cascade.

16. It wouldn’t allow it to bind together.

17. It places stress on the bond and it would break.

18. The enzymatic action is highly specific because only specific substrates of enzyme bind to the activation center of that enzyme.

19. A protease is an enzyme that conducts proteolysis, which begins protein catabolism by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds then links the amino acids together in the polypeptide chain to form a protein.

About myself

My name is Garrick Fulton, I’ve been attending Oxnard College since Fall 2008. I’m planning on getting an Associates Degree in Culinary Arts and Restaurant Management. I’m married and have five children. I enjoy cooking as this has been my profession for the past 17 years. It all began when I joined the United States Navy in 1993, and served 10 years as a cook. I’m currently working with the Probation Agency of Ventura County as a kitchen assistant, and I’ve been there a little over a year. Because of my knowledge in both cooking and baking, I have yet to decide in which direction I’d like to go.