CH. 4 Practice Questions

1. What happens to radiant energy that reaches earth from the sun? Most is radiated into space, but most is absorbed in the atmosphere.

2. Name four greenhouse gasses in addition to water vapor. Chlorofluorocarbons, methane, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide

3. How do water vapor and greenhouse gasses contribute to earth’s climate? Global warming

4. What are four sources of carbon dioxide? Aerobic respiration, pressure & heat from earth, human technology, volcanoes living organisms and other natural processes

5. Name three reservoirs for carbon dioxide in addition to the atmosphere. Fossil fuels, oceans, photosynthesis

6. What are fossil fuels? How are they made? Burned remains of ancient plants and microorganisms that have been transformed into coal, oil and natural gas carbons

7. Where do plants get the carbon they need to build sugars? Photosynthesis

8. Where do animals get the carbon they need to synthesize ATP? Plants

9. How has the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere changed over the past 100 years? What effect has this had on the planet’s overall climate? It has damaged the greenhouse effect and the weather is getting hotter

10. What is the difference in the chemical structure between ADP and ATP? When ATP loses a phosphate it becomes ADP

11. How does ATP transfer energy to parts of a cell? From movement of electrons that originated in food into its own bonds

12. What is the difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration? Oxygen

13. Where do glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, chemiosmosis, and the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis occur in cells? Glycolsis-pyruvates

14. What are the final products of glycolysis? (Don’t forget the energy carriers) 2 NADH & 2 ATP

15. What molecule enters the citric acid cycle? (Hint: it’s not pyruvic acid) glucose

16. What are the final products of the citric acid cycle? NADH

17. Where does the electron transport chain get energy from to move H+ ions across the membrane into the inner membrane space? The matrix of mitochondrion

18. Why is oxygen needed for aerobic respiration? To oxidize pyruvates

19. How is ATP generated via chemiosmosis? (Be sure to explain the role of ATP synthase in your answer) from movement H+ ions with oxidative phosphorylation of ADP to ATP resulting in 3 ATP per NADH and 2 ATP per FADH2

20. How many ATP are produced per NADH? Per FADH2? 3, 2

21. How many totals ATP are produced from a single glucose molecule during Glycolysis followed by aerobic respiration? 2 ATP

22. What part of proteins can be metabolized for energy? Amino acids

23. What part of lipids can be metabolized for energy? Glycerol and fatty acids

24. What is the purpose of fermentation? What would happen to cells if they were somehow prevented from doing it? To recycle NAD+, no useable energy is produced. It leads to a buildup of Lactic Acid

25. What are stomata? What types of cells make them up? Oxygen gas released through adjustable microscopic structures that are located on surface of leaf

26. Where does the energy come from for the light-dependent reactions of Photosynthesis? Where in chloroplasts do these reactions occur? Biosynthesis of molecules and macromolecules, inner and outer membranes energy is captured

27. How do the energy carrier molecules synthesized during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis compare to those synthesized during cellular respiration? From sunlight

28. Where in chloroplasts are glucose molecules synthesized? What process is responsible for their synthesis? In the Stoma, Calvin cycle

29. Why is water necessary for photosynthesis? Why is carbon dioxide necessary? Why is sunlight necessary? To split into 2 H+ ions and a single oxygen atom it then releases 2 electrons, sunlight excites chlorophyll molecule and electrons and moves to higher energy levels

30. How are rubisco and oxaloacetate similar? Both break down carbon dioxide and produce ATP

31. What is transpiration? Exchange of gases, water can move out of plant through stomata opening

32. Which types of plants are most vulnerable to photorespiration? Why? C3 plants, they prevent carbon dioxide from entering and photosynthesis declines

33. Why are C3 plants better adapted to cool, shady environments while C4 plants are better adapted to hot, sunny environments? C3 high temps reduce the photosynthesis plants close their stomata to reduce the rate of water lost, C4 carry an extra enzyme which avoids photorespiration and continues to make sugars

34. Why is growth limited in CAM plants? Amount of carbon dioxide stored in acid during the night is limited, they use it all up during the day so they cant perform anymore photosynthesis

35. How does deforestation contribute to global warming? With more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

36. What role does the United States play in global warming? ¼ of carbon dioxide by burning fossil fuels

Diseases Associated with Obesity:

Type II Diabetes:

Type II Diabetes occurs when the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin for the body. The body is resistant of what is produced. Insulin in the body is a blood sugar hormone called glucose used for energy. The food that a person eats, the body responds by breaking it down into fats, proteins and carbohydrates. The carbohydrates are then broken down into glucose, as the glucose is traveling through the person’s bloodstream, a healthy pancreas will release a regular supply of insulin into the bloodstream. With Type II Diabetes the insulin receptors are less sensitive, the pancreas still produces insulin but it is not enough of which the body needs. High blood glucose can lead into serious problems such as a heart attack, blindness, kidney failure, and nerve damage. By taking medications, a healthy diet, and regular exercising you are most likely to decrease the changes of these complications.

Hypertension:

With stress the blood pressure rises, but with hypertension it rises and stays there even while at rest. The heart will pump blood about 80 times a minute; by doing this it allows the arterials to work the blood flow freely, with little pressure on the vessel walls. When the vessels are constricted, the heart will try to pump more and faster and can lead to troubled arteries over time. The arteries are then stretched with a development of scar tissue. Cholesterol and other deposits can collect onto the grooves and creating Atherosclerotic Plaque. If the plaque grows the arteries becomes stiffer and narrower, causing the heart to pump harder and causing damage to the arteries. Hypertension is twice as strong in obese people. Blood pressure can be affected by smoking, lack of exercise, stress, excessive alcohol use and salt. Although there is no symptoms of hypertension the only way is to have your blood pressure checked.

Heart Attack:

Atherosclerosis is the process of which arteries become narrowed and hardened, causing a heart attack to happen with the blood flow to the heart to be blocked. This usually occurs because fatty deposits called plaque have built up inside the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart. If a plaque breaks open, the body tries to fix it by forming a clot around it. The clot can block the artery, preventing the flow of blood and oxygen to the heart.

Stroke:

A stroke happens when a blood vessel is blocked or ruptures, which keeps oxygen and nutrients reaching the brain. There are two types of strokes: Ischemic and Hemorrhagic each of them are characterized of how they affect the brain. Ischemic strokes are caused when a blood vessels are obstructed, the cutting off of oxygen to the brain. Hemorrhagic strokes are caused when a blood vessel ruptures and spills blood into the brain. All strokes deprive the brain of oxygen, then the brain cells become damaged or die, causing some parts of the body to not function properly. The most serious of a stroke happens in the brain stem which controls life support functions. If the left side of the brain is damaged an Aphasia occurs and the person has difficulty of speech and understanding of language. If the right side is damaged this can leave the person paralyzed on the left side of the body. And all strokes can leave a person with memory loss.

Atherosclerosis:

Atherosclerosis is a buildup of fatty deposits such as cholesterol on the walls of arteries. There’s a major cause of cardiovascular disease, including a stroke or heart attack. There are three layers to a normal artery wall, a thin smooth layer which helps the blood flow, a muscular layer which helps pulse circulate blood and a outer layer that protects the artery. Smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol are risk factors for damaging the smooth layer of the artery which can lead to atherosclerosis.

Nutrition & Cells Practice Questions

1. Vitamins are small organic molecules minerals are small inorganic molecules. Both are water soluble, but vitamins are also fat soluble.

2. Free radicals are highly reactive molecules, leftover natural metabolic processes or come from environment causes damage to DNA that causes cancer.

3. Animal proteins from meat contain all essential fatty acids can’t be synthesized by cells it must come from a diet. Two families’ omega 3 & omega 6. Biological processes not store energy.

4. Hydrogenation= unsaturated fats + hydrogen gas with pressure makes saturated fats.

5. Bacteria- both a domain name and synonymously with “Prokaryotes” bacteria are archaea.

6. Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA and ribosome’s

7. Net movement of molecules from concentration to lower concentration until it reaches equilibrium.

Osmosis- diffusion of water

Active transport- cells maintain concentration gradient it requires energy(ATP)

8. Across plasma membrane of prokaryotic cell- mitochondria of eukaryotic cells

9. DNA- prokaryotic cells are linear or circular, its contained in nuclear region (nucleoid) Eukaryotic cells- are always linear contained in nucleus, chromatin when relaxed chromosomes when condensed (super coiled)

Ribosome’s- 70 in prokaryotic 80 in eukaryotic

10. Proteins- humans manufacture 12 of 20 amino acids to build proteins

Ribosome’s- builds proteins from encoded instructions in DNA

Lipids- fats, cholesterol, essential fatty acids

11. Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor- mediated endocytosis

12. Centrioles, cilia and flagella- Eukaryotic cells

13. It’s a concept that mitochondria and chloroplasts are the result of years of evolution initiated by the endocytosis of bacteria and blue-green algae, instead of being digested, it became symbiotic

It has its own DNA which resembles bacterial DNA

It has 70 of its own ribosomes and produces its own proteins

Double membrane indicates they entered cell via endocytosis

Membrane composition strongly resembles Gram-negative bacteria

Divides within eukaryotic cell via binary fission

Similar symbolic relationships exist between organisms that are still distinct species from one another

14. They both contain DNA, are membrane-bound organelles located in the cytoplasm of cells, they are both involved in the production of energy, and they are found in eukaryotic cells

They differ by ATP is synthesized only in mitochondria

15. Peroxisomes are organelles that contain oxidative enzymes, they convert hydrogen peroxide into water

Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes, fuse with vacuoles containing food

16. Bacterial DNA is a circular double strand, while eukaryotic DNA is a linear (sometimes super-coiled) double strand. In fact, many eukaryotes have more than one of these double-stranded DNA fragments, known as chromosomes.

17. Fimbria and conjugation pili

Enzymes

1. B
2. C
3. D
4. B
5. B