CH. 4 Practice Questions

1. What happens to radiant energy that reaches earth from the sun? Most is radiated into space, but most is absorbed in the atmosphere.

2. Name four greenhouse gasses in addition to water vapor. Chlorofluorocarbons, methane, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide

3. How do water vapor and greenhouse gasses contribute to earth’s climate? Global warming

4. What are four sources of carbon dioxide? Aerobic respiration, pressure & heat from earth, human technology, volcanoes living organisms and other natural processes

5. Name three reservoirs for carbon dioxide in addition to the atmosphere. Fossil fuels, oceans, photosynthesis

6. What are fossil fuels? How are they made? Burned remains of ancient plants and microorganisms that have been transformed into coal, oil and natural gas carbons

7. Where do plants get the carbon they need to build sugars? Photosynthesis

8. Where do animals get the carbon they need to synthesize ATP? Plants

9. How has the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere changed over the past 100 years? What effect has this had on the planet’s overall climate? It has damaged the greenhouse effect and the weather is getting hotter

10. What is the difference in the chemical structure between ADP and ATP? When ATP loses a phosphate it becomes ADP

11. How does ATP transfer energy to parts of a cell? From movement of electrons that originated in food into its own bonds

12. What is the difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration? Oxygen

13. Where do glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, chemiosmosis, and the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis occur in cells? Glycolsis-pyruvates

14. What are the final products of glycolysis? (Don’t forget the energy carriers) 2 NADH & 2 ATP

15. What molecule enters the citric acid cycle? (Hint: it’s not pyruvic acid) glucose

16. What are the final products of the citric acid cycle? NADH

17. Where does the electron transport chain get energy from to move H+ ions across the membrane into the inner membrane space? The matrix of mitochondrion

18. Why is oxygen needed for aerobic respiration? To oxidize pyruvates

19. How is ATP generated via chemiosmosis? (Be sure to explain the role of ATP synthase in your answer) from movement H+ ions with oxidative phosphorylation of ADP to ATP resulting in 3 ATP per NADH and 2 ATP per FADH2

20. How many ATP are produced per NADH? Per FADH2? 3, 2

21. How many totals ATP are produced from a single glucose molecule during Glycolysis followed by aerobic respiration? 2 ATP

22. What part of proteins can be metabolized for energy? Amino acids

23. What part of lipids can be metabolized for energy? Glycerol and fatty acids

24. What is the purpose of fermentation? What would happen to cells if they were somehow prevented from doing it? To recycle NAD+, no useable energy is produced. It leads to a buildup of Lactic Acid

25. What are stomata? What types of cells make them up? Oxygen gas released through adjustable microscopic structures that are located on surface of leaf

26. Where does the energy come from for the light-dependent reactions of Photosynthesis? Where in chloroplasts do these reactions occur? Biosynthesis of molecules and macromolecules, inner and outer membranes energy is captured

27. How do the energy carrier molecules synthesized during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis compare to those synthesized during cellular respiration? From sunlight

28. Where in chloroplasts are glucose molecules synthesized? What process is responsible for their synthesis? In the Stoma, Calvin cycle

29. Why is water necessary for photosynthesis? Why is carbon dioxide necessary? Why is sunlight necessary? To split into 2 H+ ions and a single oxygen atom it then releases 2 electrons, sunlight excites chlorophyll molecule and electrons and moves to higher energy levels

30. How are rubisco and oxaloacetate similar? Both break down carbon dioxide and produce ATP

31. What is transpiration? Exchange of gases, water can move out of plant through stomata opening

32. Which types of plants are most vulnerable to photorespiration? Why? C3 plants, they prevent carbon dioxide from entering and photosynthesis declines

33. Why are C3 plants better adapted to cool, shady environments while C4 plants are better adapted to hot, sunny environments? C3 high temps reduce the photosynthesis plants close their stomata to reduce the rate of water lost, C4 carry an extra enzyme which avoids photorespiration and continues to make sugars

34. Why is growth limited in CAM plants? Amount of carbon dioxide stored in acid during the night is limited, they use it all up during the day so they cant perform anymore photosynthesis

35. How does deforestation contribute to global warming? With more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

36. What role does the United States play in global warming? ¼ of carbon dioxide by burning fossil fuels